European Journal of Language and Literature Studies
Volume 5, Issue 1, 2019 · ISSN 2411-9598 (Print) · ISSN 2411-4103 (Online)
Fixed Word-Combination and Simple Word-Combination in the Terminology of Economy in Accordance with English Language
1Faculty of Economy, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Kosovo; 2Department of Albanian Language, University of Prizren “Ukshin Hoti”, Prizren, Kosovo
*sadete.pllana@uni-pr.edu
Submitted: 2019-02-28 · Accepted: 2019-05-28 · Published: 2019-06-28
DOI: 10.26417/ejls.v9i1.p129-136
Abstract
The problems of economic terminology can be handled from different angles. Today, there are many discussions about the concept of phrase terms and their reflection in the explanatory dictionaries of economic terms. Phrasal terms are reflected lexicographically in the terminology dictionaries but are also included in the explanatory dictionaries, collective lexicographic works and of the codifying and normative character of the Albanian language. The subjects break down the concepts in a transparent way, so today they have become one of the key tools for constructing terms in general. The widespread dissemination of fixed word-combination phrases in language as a specific lexical-syntax unit, especially in the terminology of the economy, creates a special layer in the terminology lexicon circle, which is characterized by specific features and attributes. Therefore, in this paper, we have been dealing with fixed and simple word-combination phrases, more widespread in the terminology of the economy, in accordance with the English language.
Keywords: fixed word-combination, simple word-combination, the terminology of economics
Introduction
The processing and terminology adjustment is a very demanding activity, although with regard to Albanian language is embedded in the function of removing foreign terms, and by replacing them with Albanian language words or by creating new words deriving from Albanian language texture. A science is nothing but a well-worked terminology.
The terms are subject to the same laws and rules of word formation and formatting as the common words, therefore they should be always considered closely related with the common words of the vocabulary.
The words known by everyone of a certain meaning become specialized once used in a particular sphere of science or economics. However it is often hard to set any strict boundaries between the word of the main font and the term. The common word when specialized enters within the frame of a terminology, and narrows its meaning, a specialized word expands the meaning when passes from a narrower circle to a wider one; the meaning of economics or professional words are tended to get developed once adopted by general language.
The study of economic terminology is not important only for its main role in cultural life, but also for providing us with a rich material, enabling us to follow the mechanisms of word formation, to observe the semantic changes the word is subjected to etc.
Borrowing of Common Words and Terms of Economics
A number of terms are introduced in the terminology of the economics from other terminologies that rarely function as separate ones, they are more frequent in the terms of the word-combination.
It’s a rule that motivation of foreign language terms is of great difficulties, especially for terminology users who face them for the first time and especially when foreign languages are not known where the corresponding terms come from. However, we are concerned about how foreign terms are included in certain field and what further directions they follow. In general it is noticed that one part of them directly enters with their external form, subject to the phonetic rules of Albanian and English language, while the rest is introduced into their system of word-combination by creating more or less hybrid forms.
Word-Combination with Altered (Modified) Conceptual Content
Word-Combination Deriving from the General Language
Here are included word-combination built on the basis of the common word. They are distinguished for high motivation, they are clear in term of composition, however due to the associations they create with the units they come from, they are characterized by a sort of multiple meaning, leading to the reduction of the accuracy of the expression of the concept. Sometimes they have meaningful internal developments that increase the degree of motivation but lessen the accuracy rate of the concept.
Including the word-combination: administratë shtetërore = civil service, analizë e shitjes = sales analysis, çmim fabrike = factory price, çmimi i blerjes = buying price, datë e pagesës = date of payment, gjendja financiare = financial situation, humbje kapitali = capital loss, pagesë e plotë = payment in full, regjistër i pagave = payroll register, ulje çmimi = price reduction, vija e buxhetit = budget line etc.
Motivation of Word-Combination Terms
Word-Combinations with Relatively Low Motivation Degree
The word-comnbinations are rarely encountered in this area of knowledge in both langauges, because components in special cases mark features of the stylistic-exciting concept. In some cases, both as in Albanian and English language, especially in English, when the compound component can be separated into two single-word components, elements (a determinant or determinative component) can be encountered, which can be considered symbolical, tended to lose that when used relevant field. Let us mention some of them, facing them in both languages. As a primary language, we are bringing English, given that those word-combinations terms are encountered more often. The English terms either find Albanian equivalent or may have different correspondences: blank check=çek i bardhë, buying plan=plan i blerjes, currency translation= këmbim i valutës
customs administration= administratë doganore =, customs invoice=faturë dogane
economic crisis= krizë ekonomike, investment contract=kontratë investimi, net budget= buxhet neto , net price=çmim neto, price level=nivel i çmimeve.
Word-Combinations with High Motivation Degree
These word-combination terms consist the majority part of word-combination formations and in general the structures are preferable in every terminology, since immediate meaning of their components display very clearly the final concept expressed by both or all components (in case there are more than two components. Find below a number of most used word-combinations in terminology of economics:
administratë doganore = customs administration
administratë shtetërore = civil service
aftësi financiare = financial capacity
aftësi kreditore = credit-able
aftësi tatimore = tax ability
amortizim ekonomik = economic depreciation
analizë bilanci = balance sheet
analizë e kostos = cost analysis
analizë financiare = financial analysis analizë e shitjes = sales analysis
ankand ndërkombëtar = international bidding
ankand publik = public auction
auditim i brendshëm = internal auditing
auditim i jashtëm = external audit
bankë tregtare = merchant bank
bilanc bankar = bank balance sheet
bilanc fillestar = opening balance sheet
bilanc i pagesave = balance of payments
borxh doganor = customs debt
buxhet neto = net budget
buxhet shtetëror = state budget
buxhet vjetor = annual budget
çertifikatë e pronësisë = certificate of ownership
çertifikatë ekporti = certificate of export
çek i bardhë = blank check
çmim botëror = world price
çmim bruto = gross price
çmim eksporti = export price
çmim fabrike = factory price
çmimi i blerjes = buying price
çmimi i fundit = bottom price
çmim me tvsh = price inclusive vat
çmim neto = net price
çmim transferi = transfer price
datë e blerjes = date of purchase
datë e këmbimit = date of exchange
datë e pagesës = date of payment
datë e skadimit = expiry date
deficit buxhetor = budget deficit
depo dogane = bonded warehouse
doganë importi = import duty
doganë kufitare = import duty ekonomi e tregut = market economy
eksport i lejuar = approved export
faturë dogane = customs invoice
fitim bruto = gross profit, gross earnings
furnizim i tregut = market supply
garanci bankare = bank guarantee
gjendja e llogarisë (kontos) = account balance
gjendja ekonomike = economic situation
gjendja financiare = financial situation
hipotekë e hapur = open-end mortgage
hipotekë ligjore = statutory mortgage
humbje kapitali = capital loss
import i lejuar = approved import
institucion bankar = banking (bank) institution
institucion financiar = financial institution
intensifikim i kapitalit = capital deeping
investim afatgjatë = long-term investment
kamatë (a: interes) e papaguar = outstanding interest
kamatë (a:interes) i lizingdhënësit = leasehold interest
kambial bankar = bankable bill
kapital i jashtëm = outside capital
kapital i kompanisë = company capital
këmbim i valutës = currency translation
këshill i bankës = bank council
kompani (shoqëri) aksionare = stock company, joint stock company
kompani private = private corporation
kontabilitet financiar = financial accounting
kontabilitet tatimor = tax accounting
kontratë biznesi (tregtare) = business contract
kontratë investimi = investment contract
kontratë shitjeje = sales contract
kontroll financiar = financial control
kosto e blerjes = cost of purchase kredi financiare = financial credit
kredi import = import credit
kredi investimi = investment credit
krizë ekonomike = economic crisis
llogari bankare = bank account
menaxhim i borxhit = debt management
menaxhim i kostos = cost management
ndërrmarrje afariste = business enterprise
ndërrmarrje investuese = investment enterprise
ngritje e çmimeve (shtrenjtim) = rise in prices, price rising
nivel i çmimeve = price level
pagesë e kamatës (interesit) = payment of interest
pagesë e plotë = payment in full
panel shqyrtues = review panel
pasqyra financiare = financial statements
pasuri e bllokuar = blocked property
përcaktimi i buxhetit = budget definition
përfaqësi tregtare = trade mission
përgjegjësi e kontabilistit = accountant’s responsibility
përgjegjësi financiare = financial responsibility, financial liability
plan i blerjes = buying plan
plan i shpërndarjes = scheme of distribution
plan pagesash = payment plan
proces i auditimit = auditing process
program financiar = financial programme
pronë e patundshme = real-estate property
pronë e siguruar = insured property
qarkullim i bankënotave = circulation of bank notes
qarkullim i parasë = currency circulation, circulation of money
qendër tregtare = shopping centre
raport tremujor = quarterly report
regjistër i kontratave = book of contracts
regjistër i pagave = payroll register rënie e kapitalit = capital decay
rënie e kursit = slump in the rate
ristrukturim borxhi = restructuring of a debt
saldo e borxhit = debt balance
sistem ekonomik = economic system
sistem tatimor = tax system
strukturë financiare = financial structure
shitje bruto = gross sales
shitje me para në dorë = cash sale
shitje me porosi = sale by order
shitje me postë = mail order selling
shpenzime shtetërore = government expenditure
shpenzime të importit = import charge
shpenzime transporti = transport charges
taksë doganore = customs duty
taksë mujore = monthly rate
tatim aktual = current tax
tatim importi = import tax
tatim në fitim = profits tax
tatim në shitje = sales tax
treg botëror = world market
treg financiar = financial market
treg i jashtëm = external market
treg i lirë = free market
treg botëror = world trade
tregti e brendshme = domestic trade, internal trade
tregti elektronike = electronic commerce
trezor bankar = bank vault
thesar shteti = treasury
ulje çmimi = price reduction
veprimtari afariste = business activity
verifikim i llogarisë = check-up of an account
vija e buxhetit = budget line vlerësim i projektit = project appraisal
xhiro e ulët = thin market
Conclusions
At the beginning of this millennium it is noted that the number of foreign words in the terminology of the economics has been increased, especially from English language, due to the increase of economics disciplines branches and introduction of goods and contemporary technical gadgets.
The motivation of the word-combination terms in the terminology of the economics can be observed also by the source composition of their components, since each component may have different motivation degrees depending on its origin. Thus, for example, a word-combination composed of combinations of foreign terms with those of Albanian language may have varying degrees of motivation in comparison with the composition solely with Albanian or foreign terms.
Primarily extended word-combination terms are characterized with very high degree of motivation, extensively manifested in the narrow fields (subfields) of knowledge, since the concepts are explicitly divided and subdivided, which also leads to the formation of the extended word-combination (with many components).
The fixed word-combination indicating a single item should be distinguished from the simple word-combination, which again may indicate a single item.
The idiomatic of the fixed word-combination is weaker, due to the lack of stylistic or emotional attributest.
The fixed word-combinations, being semi-consolidated lexical items, are not fully independent indicative items such as words are. Therefore in the explanatory language dictionary explicitly are in the service of the word depending on it. As such in the dictionary they serve as illustrative and complementary material.
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© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Mentisia under CC BY 4.0.