European Journal of Language and Literature Studies
Volume 4, Issue 2, 2018 · ISSN 2411-9598 (Print) · ISSN 2411-4103 (Online)
Technical Terms Generated upon Meaning of Words Indicating Kitchenware or Utensils
1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Pristina, Kosovo; 2Economy Faculty, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Pristina, Kosovo
*gani.pllana@uni-pr.edu
Submitted: 2018-08-28 · Accepted: 2018-11-28 · Published: 2018-12-28
DOI: 10.26417/ejls.v9i1.p90-95
Abstract
The process of generating the general lexicon into terms, also named process of terminology, relates to the semantic source of the word. This process enriches terminology not only on the level of the form, by embedding in a specified terminological system, but, mainly in that of the content/substance, supplementing it with concepts that maintain links with its base meaning (with the general language). The word thus appears as a bridge between the general and the terminological lexicon, such as: knife, sieve (common words) and terms: knife1 (filet carver) (mechanic); knife2 (engraver) (mechanic); sieve1 (vibratory) (construction, mechanic), sieve2 (mortar) (construction). Terminology as a special lexical subsystem in itself enters into a relationship with the layers of the general language lexicon and exchanges with them, by borrowing some of them and by utilizing it for its needs. This lexicon, deriving from outside of the terminology, consists of lexical units that enter into it in an invariable form, but with modified content; by meeting the needs of the terminological systems with terms. In this paper, we present groups of terms formed on the basis of the meanings of common words, presented in the 1980 Glossary and related to different elements of ordinary life, such as tools and kitchen appliances.
Keywords: common words, technical terms, kitchen appliances, terminology.
Introduction
The process of generating the general lexicon in terms, also named the process of terminology, relates to the semantic source of the word. This process enriches terminology not only on the level of the form, by embedding in a specified terminological system, but, mainly in that of the content/substance, supplementing it with concepts that maintain links with its base meaning (with the general language). The word thus appears as a bridge between the general and the terminological lexicon, such as: fork1 (cardan shaft)(mech.), fork2 (jointer)(mech.), fork3 (instructional) (mech. constr.) etc. On the other hand, these units, passing from one field of knowledge to another, enrich them with different conceptual content, following to an anew terminology process of the unit, such as: plate1 (wavy (mech.), plate2 (cutter) (mech.), plate3 (scales pan) (mech.).
Although as far as the form concerns, the terminological systems get overloaded with the same form in term of content, the units subject of terminology process increase the common conceptual basis of words and terms, thus reinforcing the interaction ability of the terms between each other concerning the various fields of knowledge. E. Vyster (Eugen Wüster)1, concerning the occurrence, points out: “The expression with one sign of the meanings of the different facilitates their connection with each other and alleviates the collaboration of the specialists of the fields close to each other", for instance room: room (of gases)(construction, mechanic, military); rrënjë1 (bot., math., chem., mech., med.) etc..
The Process of Terminology
1 E. Wüster,“Einführung in die allgemeine Terminologielehre und terminologische Lexikographie”, 3. Auflage. Romanistischer Verlag, Bonn, 1991
A numerous elaborations were written in regard of the process of terminology, by elaborating about the location and role of common words of multiple meaning such as point, tooth, head, foot, pocket etc., for formation of the terminology. Elaborating the matter the formation of new terminology, A. Duro in the project “Entrance and issuance of the terms in a language”1, underlines that the term enters easier in use, when becoming a term from a common word, and used in its specialized meaning in a certain field of knowledge or human activity. The author demonstrates examples the words generated in terms such as head (bolt head), tooth (wheel), krah (lever), window (of evacuation): etc. In the field of linguistics Sh. Rrokaj and V. Bello2, apart from elaboration of general problems of linguistic terminology, in addition of the general problems addressing of linguistic terminology, the attention is paid as well to the matter of terminology process, noting out that "the linguistic terminology system built in this way relies on the Albanian language texture, facilitating its formation.
The terminology process, as a process of creating a terminology macro-system based on the entry of words into this microsystem, functioning as terms, as well as glossology, as a word-raising process in the term, both together can be considered within general framework of the semantic development of the word, where the word consists the basis, from this point of view always comes primarily before the term. Particular importance is given to the functioning of these processes in the semantic structure of the word, which is reflected in glossology, terminology, extermination, and all the complex processes of semantic development of each word of the language. This is very important when studying the semantics of term in the light of the meaningful development of words.
Thereby, we can provide as examples dish and sieve, and the word “dish” is of a special terminological character: DISHE- S, ~ n. 1. Curved line container of clay, glass, metallic, plastic etc, with raised edges of different sizes and shapes, used for keeping liquids and other substances as powdered or grains etc. Lab dishes. Communication dishes. phys.chem. Dish drainer. Clay (soil) dishes. Copper (zinc, aluminum) dishes. Porcelain dishes. Plastic dishes. Kitchen dishes. Household dishes. Dishes shelf. Dishes store. Wash up the dishes. the word “sieve” is of special terminological character but connected in a disaggregated form with a series of terminological concepts, presented by relevant word-combination terms: SIEVE, ∼𝒏, 1. A tool consisting of a thin silk fabric, or densely metallic net attached to a wooden circle used to separate bran from flour or the substance. Silk sieve (wire). Sieve with frequent holes (impenetrable, penetrable). 2. Tech. Metallic sheet or netting with frequent holes used to separate something in equipment or mechanism; metal netting through which the sand pass through, mortar etc. to get cleaned. Sieves of threshing machine. The sieve of mortar. The coffee machine sieve. Take off (change) the sieve. Clean the sieves.
Given that they are common words generated in terms, for the words it is much easier to widely enter in language use and approaching to the general lexicology of the language. The characteristic of the Albanian language is that these terms, upon entering the terminology lexicon, have the capability to get in the wider sense of the word formation.
Extracts of Terminology Process Displayed in Philological Dictionary
The meanings of terms generating from the meanings of common words are reflected in the explanatory dictionaries of Albanian language in the semantic structures of their words. The study of these words meanings, when appearing as terms such as foot (word) and foot (term), which are singled out as such during their use in the relevant field of knowledge, gives the opportunity to consider this lexical mediation in relation to the general lexicon, with other terminology lexicon groups, as well as with cases of functioning in the discourse practice of each field3.
The elaboration that has been conducted to the various groups of terms in the explanatory dictionaries, it is noted that the terminology of the technical terminology lexicon with the general language from one vocabulary to the other, starting from the vocabulary of 1954 until the one of 1980, in terms of semantic-lexical progress is becoming more complex, however, from time to time even better distinguished between each other. The phenomena of complexity is related to the addition of new terminological concepts (concepts), linked upon a sign, which is related to the terminology process phenomena, where the latter also emerges its negative side (the concepts are increased, though the signs remain the same one), as well as
1 A. Duro, ”Lindja dhe përhapja e termave në gjuhë”, në “GJUHA JONË”, nr. 2, Tiranë, 1981, f. 40-50. 2 Sh. Rrokaj, V. Bello, ”Mbi domosdoshmërinë e një fjalori të termave të gjuhësisë në gjuhën tonë”, Konferencë shkencore “GJENDJA DHE ZHVILLIMI I TERMINOLOGJISË SHQIPE-PROBLEME DHE DETYRA”, Tiranë, 2009. f. 168-178. 3 A. Duro, “Terminologjia si sistem”, Panteon, Tiranë, 2001, f. 21.
with the increase of the new terms created through term-formation phase, where signs are added concurrently with concepts, in which occasion the signs actually enrich terminology systems.
Words indicating kitchenware or utensils used with specialized meaning
In the same manner words indicating kitchenware or utensils are being used in relation to their spexialized meaning to indicate parts of mechanics, construction and electricity. More precisely let’s check closely as to how these words that indicate kitchenware or utensils arise in specialized terms in the field of mechanics, construction and electricity.
For example, in case of the fork meaning (1) A small utensil with long handle consisting of several prongs like a pitchfork used when eating to pick up pieces of meat, cheese, fruits etc. Plated fork, small forks (for desserts, for appetizers). Fork’s prongs. Pick up (eat, take) with fork. Stir the fork. (2) Part of bicycle or motorcycle consisting of two side arms, at the bottom of which the front wheel is fastened.
Find below examples of common words indicating kitchenware, which through the process of terminology generate into words with of specialized meaning.
| In the dictionary of 19801 | In terminological dictionaries |
| FORK, ~ n. 1. A small utensil with long handle consisting of several prongs like a pitchfork used when eating to pick up pieces of meat, cheese, fruits etc. Plated fork, small forks (for desserts, for appetizers). Fork’s prongs. Pick up (eat, take) with fork. Stir the fork. 2. Part of bicycle or motorcycle consisting of two side arms, at the bottom of which the front wheel is fastened. | fork1 (Cardan shaft) (mech.) fork2 (jointer) (mech.) fork3 (instructional) (mech. constr.) |
| SPOON, ~ n. 1. A metallic or wooden gadget, consisting of a small bowl of oval shape and with a long handle used for eating dish or other foods especially liquids; quantity of food or other substance such gadget may contain. Big spoon ladle, dipper. Aluminum (wooden) spoon. Usually a metallic utensil, with a part like a bowl or spatula with a handle or extension which is used to pick up something, to stir various substances etc. Spoon for coal (ember) fire shovel. Mortar spoon, trowel.. | spoon1 (mortar) (constr.) trowel spoon2 (excavator) (mech.) excavator bucket spoon3 (formation) (met.) |
1 Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe”, Tiranë, 1980.
| KNIFE-knives, ~ n. 1. A small utensils with a long metallic cutting edge with a wooden or another material used for cutting bread, meat, fruits, vegetables, used in medicine etc. Sharp knife. Bread knife. Tobacco knife. Surgical knife. Knife with a tip. Double cutting edge knife. Serrated edge knife. Metallic and sharp part of a gadget, utensil etc. which is used for cutting or to mince something, for polishing or smoothing a surface of something. Round knife. Cutting (chopping) knife. Carpentry knife. Tornos knife. Plow knife/bladder. Knife/bladder of grinding machine. | knife1 (filet carver) (mech.) knife2 (engraver) (mech.) |
| DISHE-S, ~ n. 1. Curved line container of clay, glass, metallic, plastic etc, with raised edges of different sizes and shapes, used for keeping liquids and other substances as powdered or grains etc. Lab dishes. Communication dishes. phys.chem. Dish drainer. Clay (soil) dishes. Copper (zinc, aluminum) dishes. Porcelain dishes. Plastic dishes. Kitchen dishes. Household dishes. Dishes shelf. Dishes stare. Wash up the dishes. | dish1 (drainer) (agric.) dish2 (condenser) (mech.) |
| PLATE, ~ n. 1. Small container made of porcelain, zinc, aluminum etc. round in shape, deep or shallow curved line, of flattened bottom, used to set in it the food we eat etc.; an amount of food such a plate may hold. Deep plates (shallow, flat). Food plate. 2. Flat round plate as a part of something and serves for various tasks. Scales pans. The plate of a cutter. | plate1 (wavy (mech.) plate2 (cutter) (mech.) plate3 (scales pan) (mech.) |
| GLASS, ~ n. 1. Deep container made from glass, crystal etc, mainly of cylindrical shape with no handle, used for drinking water, wine etc.; a similar small container, often with a stem, used for various strong beverages (for brandy, cognac etc); as to the amount of water or beverages the glass contains. Small (large) glass. Glasses made from glass (crystal). Water (wine, brandy, beer) glass. | glass1 (filter) (mech., constr.) glass2 (piston) (mech.) glass3 (tube) (constr. mech.).) |
| FUNNEL, ∼𝒏. 1. A small cone-shaped container with a thin long tube at the apex, used for pouring liquid through it into another bottle or other containers with narrow neck. Funnel of tin (glass, immeasurable).Funnel for brandy (oil). Pouring through funnel. Funnel in shape. 2. Part of a machinery or a mechanism, cone-shaped used for cleaning the oils or for pouring something into another container; a cone-shaped item used for different purposes. Separating funnel. Grinder’s mill funnel. Funnel of multiplication, a cone-shape tin filled with soil placed on the branches of some fruit-bearing trees to emerge roots. | funnel1 (pouring) (mech.) funnel2 (loading) (mech. constr.) |
| LID, COVER ∼n, 1. The upper part that covers a container, a box etc.; protective cover from metal, wood etc. Steel (wooden) lid. The lid of well. The lid of container (pot). The jars lids. 5. Stone tile used for paving the yard, dooryard etc. Yard (dooryard) with covers/lids. 6. Each of the two graved woods placed on the front and back part of the cart’s bed. | lid/cover1 (bearing) (mech.) lid/cover 2 (wells) (constr.) |
| CAULDRON/BOILER, ∼n, 1. A large round metallic container with two handles (usually made from copper), used for boiling water, washing laundry, cooking etc. 2. tech. Part of furnace, locomotive etc. , consisting of a locked metallic container producing water steam or processing something in high temperature. Locomotive’s boiler. Vulcanization (distilling) boiler. | cauldron/boiler1 (steam) (mech.) cauldron/boiler 2 (mortar) (constr.) |
| SIEVE, ∼𝒏, 1. A tool consisting of a thin silk fabric, or densely metallic net attached to a wooden circle used to separate bran from flour or the substance. Silk sieve (wire). Sieve with frequent holes (impenetrable, penetrable). 2. Tech. Metallic sheet or netting with frequent holes used to separate something in equipment or mechanism; metal netting through which the sand pass through, mortar etc. to get cleaned. Sieves of threshing machine. The sieve of mortar, The coffee machine sieve. Take off (change) the sieve. Clean the sieves. | sieve1 (threshing) (constr. mech.) sieve2 (mortar) (constr.) |
| SIFT, ∼ n. 1. A tool consisting usually made from a piece of tin or holey perforated leather attached to a wooden circle used to separate cereals from bagasse and other dirtiness. Deep sift. Mechanic sift (rotary, vibrating sift). Cylindrical sift. Wheat (corn) sifts. The circle of the sift. | sift1 (vibrating) (mech.) sift2 (wheat) (agric.) |
For instance, in case of word plate , with meaning (1) “small container made of porcelain, zinc, aluminum etc. round in shape, deep or shallow curved line, of flattened bottom, used to set in it the food we eat” etc.; as to amount of food such a plate may hold. Deep plates (shallow, flat). Food plate. (2) Flat round plate as a part of something and serves for various tasks. Scales pans. The plate of a cutter, etc.
Conclusion
The meanings of terms generating from the meanings of common words are presented in the explanatory dictionaries of the Albanian language in the semantic structures of their words, elaborated further by the terminology dictionaries and terminology lecture, written and spoken. The study of these meanings of words when appearing as terms, which are singled out as such during use in the relevant field of knowledge, provides an opportunity to examine this lexical mediation in relation to the general lexicon, with other terminology lexicons, As well as cases of functioning in the teaching practice of each field.
Elaborating further according the Albanian dictionary (1980), the meanings of words that serve as the basis for terms other new meanings can be evidenced (discovered) compared with the meanings that appear in the semantic structure of the word.
Further elaboration of word groups, the meanings of which serve to create terms in the various fields of knowledge, helps in the work of compiling both terminology dictionaries and the explanatory language dictionaries. Explicitly, this helps for a better analytical differentiation of meanings, as well as for the determination of the fairer and more motivated boundaries between one-word terms and word-combination, whereby the latter ones, as the basis have elaboration of multiple meaning of, as pointed out above the words such knife, dish, plate etc.
Given that they are common words generated in terms, for the words it is much easier to widely enter in language use and approaching to the general lexicology of the language. The characteristic of the Albanian language is that these terms, upon entering the terminology lexicon, have the capability to get in the wider sense of the word formation.
Words indicating kitchenware or utensils are widely spread during the process of transformation from words of common meaning in words with specialized use in various fields of science and technology. The concepts these words indicate fall into the system of concepts of the certain field, extending and enriching further the links between them.
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© 2018 The Author(s). Published by Mentisia under CC BY 4.0.