Contrastive Analysis of Arabic and Malay for Adjective Phrases in Short Stories

Introduction

Arabic is an important language besides Malay because it can be categorized as a foreign language in Malaysia, in addition to its widespread use, especially in the religious field. In addition, Arabic has a distinct style and vocabulary and contains grammatical features that are different from Malay (Zainur Rijal & Mahmoud Mohamad Ali, 2014). A good mastery of Arabic vocabulary will contribute to a good mastery of the language, whereas a poor mastery of vocabulary will cause mastery of the language to be weak (Harun Baharudin & Zawawi Ismail, 2016). This is because the meaning to be expressed cannot be conveyed except through vocabulary.

Moreover, in Arabic, grammar is able to convey various meanings and messages according to the wishes of the speaker and the writer. This is because speakers and writers need to use accurate grammar to express the meaning and message to be conveyed. The success of a student in learning Arabic lies in their level of mastery of four language skills, namely writing skills, reading skills, listening skills, and speaking skills. In foreign language learning, students use several strategies. Nevertheless, differences in the level of foreign language proficiency lie in the way language learning strategies are used (Kamarul Shukri Mat Teh et al., 2009). Thus, a student’s level of proficiency in speaking depends on their level of education.

Apart from that, Malay is the main language in Malaysia. It is widely used in everyday community conversations, official functions, education, and so on. The Malay language is also a core subject in schools, requiring every student to take the subject for the purpose of obtaining a certificate (Ministry of Education Malaysia, 1996). The content of the Malay language subject taught includes grammar. Grammar serves as a guide in learning the language because it is the most important aspect of constructing words and sentences.

The Malay language has also acquired many new words absorbed from other languages through colonization and religion, and the influence of the Arabic language on the Malay language has had a great impact on the linguistic system. In addition, the influence of foreign languages has had a significant impact on the Malay language, especially in terms of vocabulary (Abdul Rauf, 2006). This has also occurred in the development of the Arabic language. An increase in vocabulary in both languages enhances their development, giving each its own characteristics. Foreign language influences also affect sound, vocabulary, word meaning, and language style, as well as syntactic, morphological, and phonological contexts.

In this study, more focused on the Syntactic aspect. Syntax is a language subsystem that tells the relationship between sentences, phrases and clauses (Ahmad Khair, 2003). This means that syntactically related analysis will reveal phrase elements and sentence elements. Moreover, this syntax is referred to as an-Nahwu in Arabic which refers to the construction of words and sentences. Ilmu an-Nahwu in Arabic is a method that needs to be used to produce a meaning correctly. This method of an-Nahwu also needs to be mastered by one in learning Arabic. By using such methods, the Arabic language can be used correctly and able to understand the meaning of words and sentences (Mat Taib, 2017).

Apart from that, in Malay, syntax relates to the formation of sentences from words. Syntax can be defined as a method in a language system for studying the form, structure, and construction of sentences (Nik Safiah Karim et al., 2010). Abdullah Hassan (2012) states that syntax is an element in forming words and sentences by arranging morphemes and words to produce one or more syntactic units called phrases. From the above definitions, it can be concluded that syntax is a method of forming phrases, clauses, and sentences by arranging words correctly.

The syntactic branch of Arabic covers various aspects of word classification, including Isim, Fi'il, and Harf. As for Al-Tarkib An-Na’ti, it is included in the group of Isim words. This differs from the classification found in the Malay language, which contains several phrase groups, including noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, and adjective phrases. In this case, Na'at means tabi' (the word that follows), which is mentioned to explain what it follows (matbu'nya) or to specify it (Ibn Hisham, 2007). According to Musthofa Al-Gholaayaini (2009), Al-Tarkib An-Na’ti is a word pronounced after the isim to explain the state of the isim or the state of another isim related to it.

While in Malay, there are differences in the formation of Malay sentences which consist of subject and predicate. According to Za'ba (2000) the subject is an object that is "about what is said" while the predicate means a story that is "a specific mind states something about the object". Therefore, Predicates in Malay can involve elements of adjective phrases. This adjective phrase can be defined as an arrangement of words and sentences that can consist of one or more words provided that the words and sentences contain adjectives or adjectives as their core words (Nik Safiah Karim et al., 2010). Thus, an adjective phrase can be produced with one or two words that function as adjectives or adjectives as well as reinforcers in sentence predicates.

From the explanation of the definitions above, the researcher found that in Arabic, adjective phrases occur in a single predicate type to complete a sentence, while in Malay, adjective phrases can consist of one or more words to complete a sentence. In relation to that, this study was conducted to produce reference material that can be used as a guide in translating between Arabic and Malay. It can also assist students who learn foreign languages in Malaysia, especially regarding the linguistic aspects related to adjective phrases, which are crucial elements in a language unit.

Literature Research

Contrastive Analysis Study of Arabic and Malay Language

In the study of contrastive analysis, several scholars have conducted research comparing Arabic and Malay in the field of syntax; among them is a study by Mohammad Baihaqi Hasni et. al (2017) related to the contrastive analysis of Arabic and Malay, specifically in the aspect of gender usage (Muzak’kar and Muan’nas) among engineering students of Universiti Malaysia Pahang. This study focuses on the problems that occur due to confusion in determining the two types and forms of words that are classified for men and women. The authors used a descriptive qualitative approach through tests conducted on 30 students. The results show that the confusion and errors in determining the types of male and female words are due to the words in Arabic being quite detailed for each word. In addition, the Malay language is also influenced by Arab society and culture; however, the Malay language has its own linguistic system that has an impact on learning foreign languages.

Kamarul Shukri Mat Teh (2014) conducted a syntactic comparison study on the relationship of intransitive verbs with objects in Arabic and Malay. He sought to examine how verbs can similarly be transitive in Arabic and Malay. The difference that exists is that in Arabic, a verb usually receives a prefix or internal affix by adding a letter at the beginning or in the middle of the verb. Meanwhile, transitive verbs in Malay receive prefixes only, or prefixes and suffixes only. However, transitive verbs in Arabic can take two objects, unlike in Malay, which requires the exact object. Therefore, the difference in the types of verbs in Arabic and Malay leads to a difference in the number of objects accepted by the verb.

Meanwhile, Siti Aishah Ashaari (2004) discussed the comparison of adjectives between Malay and Arabic. This study analyzes the forms and concepts of adjectives found in both languages. This comparison was done with the aim of analyzing the similarities and differences that exist between these two languages. However, she only touches on adjective word formation without looking at the adjective phrase aspect in the sentence. This encourages researchers to conduct research related to Arabic and Malay adjective phrases.

In addition, a study by Baharuddin Shahman (2012) elaborated on some basic sentence structures in Arabic and Malay. This study aims to examine the formation of basic sentence structures in Arabic and Malay and identify the similarities and differences between the two languages. The researcher also provides methods and techniques that are easier to understand and master in learning Arabic.

In addition, a study by Muhammad Luqman Ibnul Hakim Sa’ad et. al (2014) relates to the translation of Arabic prepositions (Arabic joint phrases) into Malay, which can influence meaning, structure, and grammatical function. His study aimed to examine how Arabic prepositions influence the context of sentences in Malay. This is because Arabic prepositions are able to convey various meanings in a sentence. The preposition in Malay is associated with a noun phrase, or known in Arabic as Harf Jarr. He used a descriptive qualitative approach as a research methodology by analyzing several text samples from the Arabic novel "Masrur wa Makrur" by Ahmad Bahjat. The results show that prepositions in Arabic are almost the same as in Malay. Nevertheless, prepositions in Arabic are broader in semantic aspects; for example, the letter (من), which carries meanings such as between, against, from, because, and except.

Ghazali Yusri (2000) conducted a study on the contrastive analysis of Malay and Arabic based on the concept of sentence connectors and pre-clause words. The purpose of this study was to identify the similarities and differences between sentence conjunctions and pre-clauses in Arabic and Malay. This study also sought to identify the difficulties faced by students while learning them. He also suggested that a study related to teaching and learning based on contrastive analysis could be conducted as a way to reduce students' confusion and difficulties in learning Arabic.

The aforementioned studies focus more on the use of gender, noun phrases, and personal pronouns, whereas the problems faced by students also involve adjective phrases and backup phrases in Arabic and Malay. However, there are still no studies related to the contrastive analysis of adjective phrases and backup phrases in both languages. Therefore, the researcher took the opportunity to conduct a study related to adjective phrases to help students, whether Malaysian or foreign.

Research Methodology

This contrastive analysis approach is used to compare two different languages, namely Arabic and Malay. Jacek Fisiak (1981: 1) states that contrastive analysis is used as a linguistic system related to two or more languages to identify similarities and differences between the languages. Linguist Carl James (1980: 3) also defines contrastive analysis as a guide in linguistics for the purpose of analyzing two languages so that they can be compared.

Based on the definitions of the scholars above, it can be concluded that contrastive analysis is a comparison based on linguistic features between two different and comparable languages. It also aims to identify the similarities and differences between the two languages through comparison. This approach also assists language teachers in the teaching and learning process for students learning a foreign language as a second language.

Therefore, this study uses the contrastive analysis approach developed by Robert Lado (1957). The researcher uses this approach as a guide to analyze data based on adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay. In this regard, Robert Lado (1957) proposed the following steps of contrastive analysis: Langkah pertama:

1. Gather the best information about the relevant languages. Information and data should contain phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic aspects. The information should also include meaning, form and distribution. 2. The second step: The information and data must be collected in one study; this means that a linguistic researcher should include all aspects and structures while analyzing the language with scrutiny. 3. The third step: The researcher needs to compare two languages based on structure with structure and pattern with pattern. Kajian analisis

kontrastif yang akan dijalankan ke atas frasa adjektif bahasa Arab dan bahasa Melayu melibatkan langkah-langkah berikut:

Table 1

Methods of Data Analysis

Number Study Questions Analysis

1 What are the types of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay in the selected short stories?

Adjective phrases: Arabic and Malay

2 What are the similarities and differences between adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay in the selected short stories?

Adjective phrases: Arabic and Malay

Based on Table 3.2, the data for the two research questions use sentence samples for analysis. Each sentence in the Arabic short story text is translated before being analyzed. Each sentence in the short story text studied is analyzed using adjective phrases guided by the model of Robert Lado (1957).

Findings

Similarities and Differences of Arabic and Malay Adjective Phrases in the Short Story "an-Nazarat" and the Short Story "Debu Merah"

A comparison of the similarities and differences between Arabic and Malay adjective phrases in both short stories can be seen in the following table:

Similarities and Differences Between Arabic and Malay Single Adjective Phrases

Table 1 Single adjective phrases

Arabic Language Malay Language

فطرقت الباب طرقًا خفيفًا

Dia terlalu kecewa

(Di Tengah Keluarga dalam Debu Merah, 2005:7)

(Madinatul Suadah Dalam An-Nazarat, 1990:176)

Table 1 shows the similarities and differences between adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay sentences. Based on a sample of Arabic verses, this verse is in the form of (الجملة الفعلية) because it begins with the verb (طرقت). The Na’at (نعت) in this verse is Na’at Mufrad, which is (خفيفًا), located at the end of the verse. It is Na’at Mufrad because its form is neither total nor shibh total. Meanwhile, the Man’ut (منعوت) is (طرقًا), which is also the maf’ul mutlaq (مفعول مطلق) in the verse. In this case, (خفيفًا) becomes Na’at (نعت) because its Man’ut (طرقًا) is in the form of nakirah. Therefore, the words (خفيفًا) and (طرقًا) agree in gender and number as well as nakirah to form Na’at Mufrad (النعت المفرد).

Based on the above verse, this verse is a noun phrase because it is preceded by the word ‘he’, which is classified as a noun. It is also the subject of the verse. The presence of an augmentative word in a sentence, i.e., the word ‘too’, becomes a marker of the presence of an adjective. The adjective in this verse is the word ‘disappointed’, which indicates the attribute of the subject, i.e., the word ‘he’. Thus, the word ‘too much’ can be an amplifier in an adjective phrase.

There is a similarity in the function of a single adjective phrase in Arabic and Malay sentences. Both sentences use singular adjectives, namely the words (خفيفًا) and ‘disappointed’. Meanwhile, the difference can be seen in the Malay sentence that uses an amplifier in the adjective phrase, namely the word 'too'. Adapaun, the Arabic verse does not include the word amplifier (اسم التفضيل).

Similarities and Differences Between Noun Phrases as Adjective Phrases in Arabic and Malay

Table 2 Noun phrases as adjective phrases

Arabic Language Malay Language

وقف على ابهبا شيخٌ هو أشبه األشياء

Tenaga kerbau yang bertanduk songsang

(Gelungnya Terpokah dalam Debu Merah, 2005:20)

(Madinatul Suadah Dalam An-Nazarat, 1990:70)

Table 2 shows the similarities and differences of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay sentences. Based on a sample of Arabic shows the sentence in the form ( الجملة الفعلية) because this sentence consists of verbs ( الفعل - وقف). Na'at in the verse is Na'at Total Ismiyyah (هو أشبه األشياء). Na’at Total Ismiyyah consists of mubtada (هو) and khabar (أشبه األشياء) in the form of makrifah which carries a specific meaning. While Man’ut (منعوت) is ( شيخ) in the verse. In this case, (هو أشبه األشياء) becomes Na’at because of Man’ut (منعوت) in the form of nakirah (شيخ). Therefore, (هو أشبه األشياء) becomes na’at to Man’utnya ( شيخ) in the form of Na’at Total Ismiyyah.

In the Malay sentence, the subject is the noun phrase ‘tenaga kerbau’, while the predicate is the noun phrase ‘yang bertanduk inverted’, which means that the buffalo horn has two horns. The word ‘yang’ in the sentence is a conjunction that connects the subject and the predicate. In the noun phrase sentence, there is the word ‘inverse’, which is present as an adjective modifying the noun ‘horned’. This adjective is also an illuminating element for the noun. This predicate phrase is present in the main clause. This adjective appears after the noun phrase. Thus, adjective phrases can be descriptive of noun phrases.

There is a similarity in the function of noun phrases as adjective phrases between the two languages; that is, they must include nouns that are adjectives in Arabic and Malay sentences. In the Arabic sentence, the noun phrase is (هو أشبه األشياء), while in the Malay sentence, it is ‘reverse horn’. Both of these noun phrases become adjective phrases in the sentences. In addition, the difference can be seen in the Malay sentence, where there is the addition of the conjunction "yang" to connect the subject and predicate (adjective phrase). It differs from the Arabic sentence in that there is no addition of "yang" between na'at and man'ut.

Similarities and Differences Between Working Phrases as Adjective Phrases in Arabic and Malay

Table 3 Working phrases as adjective phrases

Arabic Language Malay Language

رأيت سكاهنا مكبني على اعماهلم وال متبطِّل يتثائب

Ibu hanya pandai menangis

((Di Tengah Keluarga dalam Debu Merah, 2005:1)

(Madinatul Suadah Dalam An-Nazarat, 1990:176)

Table 3 shows the similarities of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay sentences. Based on the Arabic language sample shows the verse in the form ( الجملة الفعلية) because this verse begins with Fi’il which is (رأيت). Na'at in the verse is Na'at Total Fi'liyyah (يتثائب). Na’at Total Fi’liyyah consists of Fi’il (يتثائب) and Fa’il ( ضمير - هو). While Man’ut (منعوت) is (متبطِّل) in the verse. In this case, (يتثا ئب) becomes Na’at because Man’ut (منعوت) is in the form of nakirah. Therefore, (يتثائب) becomes na’at to Man’utnya (متبطِّل) in the form of Na’at Total Fi’liyyah.

In the Malay language sample, the subject is the noun phrase ‘Ibu hanya’, while the predicate is the working phrase ‘pandai menangis’. In the working phrase sentence, there is the word ‘clever’, which is present as an adjective modifying the verb ‘cry’. This adjective is also an illuminating element for the verb. This predicate phrase is present in the main clause. Thus, adjective phrases can be descriptive of working phrases.

There is a similarity in the function of a working phrase as an adjective phrase between the two languages; that is, they must include the verb that is an adjective in the sentence. In the Arabic sentence, the verb is the word (يتثائب), while in the Malay sentence, it is the word ‘cry’. Both of these words are verbs that are adjectives in the sentence. Moreover, differences can be seen in the verb in the Arabic sentence (يتثائب), which combines the verb (فعل) with the pronoun (فاعل) in its adjective. In contrast, in the Malay sentence, there is no addition to the verb "cry".

Similarities and Differences Between Adjective Phrases in the Form of Arabic and Malay Conjunctions

Table 4 Adjective phrases in the form of conjunctions

Arabic Language Malay Language

يضع الكاتب القصص اخليالية لنشر رأي من اآلراء

Menikah dengan orang putih

(Di Tengah Keluarga dalam Debu Merah, 2005:2)

(Madinatul Suadah Dalam An-Nazarat, 1990:176)

Table 4 shows the similarities of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay sentences. Based on the Arabic sample, the sentence is in the form (الجملة الفعلية) because this sentence consists of the verb (يضع). Na’at (نعت) in this verse is Na’at Syibhul Total which is (من اآلراء). This verse (من اآلراء) consists of hurf jar (من) and Isim Majrur (اآلراء). While Man’ut (منعوت) in this verse is the word (رأي). The word (رأي) becomes Man’ut (منعوت) because the word is nakirah. In this case, the word (من اآلراء) becomes Na’at (نعت) to the man’utnya (رأي). Therefore, (من اآلراء) and (رأي) can be according to gender and number as well as nakirah to form Na’at Syibhul Total (نعت شبه الجملة).

As for the example of a Malay sentence, this sentence begins with a verb, which is the word ‘menikah’, and the conjunction ‘dengan’. This conjunction needs to be placed in the sentence to form an adjective phrase. The adjective in this sentence is the word “white”. Thus, the conjunction ‘with’ and the noun phrase ‘white people’, meaning “white people”, are combined to form a conjunction in the adjective phrase.

There is a similarity in the function of the conjunction in the adjective phrase between the two languages; that is, in the adjective phrase sentences, both Arabic and Malay use a conjunction, namely the word ‘min (من)’ and the word ‘with’. The presence of a conjunction in a sentence indicates the presence of an adjective after it.

Summary

Based on the analysis of the types of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay, the researcher can conclude that there are adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay short stories. The following is shown in the table of types of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay:

Table 5: Summary of sample sentences of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay

Number of Sample Sentences of Arabic and Malay Adjective Phrases

Things

Arabic language Malay language

Single adjective phrase 12 11 Adjective phrases as noun phrases 3 3

Adjective phrases as working phrases 7 5

Adjective Phrases in the Form of Conjunctions

9 4

Amount 31 23

A comparison of the sample of adjective phrase sentences in these two languages shows that the Arabic sample recorded the highest number of sentence samples, which is 31. Meanwhile, the sample of Malay sentences was 23. Based on the aspects studied by the researcher, only 31 Arabic sentences and 23 Malay sentences were found.

In addition, based on the analysis of the similarities and differences of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay, the researcher can conclude that there are similarities and differences in adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay short stories. Among the similarities between Arabic and Malay adjective phrases is the similarity of singular adjective words. Both languages use only one word for adjectives. Arabic adjective phrases do not use augmentative and auxiliary words in single adjective phrases compared to Malay.

In addition, differences can also be seen in terms of noun phrases used as adjective phrases in sentences. Similarities can be seen where both languages use noun phrases in forming adjective phrase sentences. Regarding the aspect of working phrases as adjective phrases, similarities exist in both languages when using verbs as adjectives in sentences. The difference can be seen in Arabic sentences that have two words in the verb. Finally, for the aspect of adjective phrases in the form of conjunctions, similarities exist in both languages when using conjunctions in adjective phrases.

Discussion

A study was conducted by Mariyati Haji Mohd Nor (2015), entitled "Contrastive Analysis of Adjective Word Formation in Malay and Spanish". This study is a qualitative study of document text analysis. The purpose is to compare the formation of adjectives in Malay with Spanish. This study is different from the study conducted by the researcher, but it also analyzes data from a syntactic aspect. In this case, the researcher studies the syntactic aspects similar to the study conducted by the researcher. This study also uses the model presented by Lado (1957), just as the researcher used this model to analyze two different materials. The research materials used in this study are from books, journals, and magazines.

According to Miftahur Rohim (2013) in his study, contrastive analysis is a method used to compare two or more languages to identify similarities and differences. Indonesian and Arabic differ in characteristics and structure based on the way the languages are formed. Identifying the structural patterns of the two languages can be achieved by comparing them. In this study, the researcher conducted research by comparing Indonesian and Arabic based on time, number, and persona. Therefore, the problem addressed in this study is the difference in the forms of Indonesian and Arabic vocabulary based on tense, number, and persona. This study is different from the study conducted by the researcher, but it also analyzes the data from a syntactic aspect. In this case, the researcher studies syntactic aspects similar to those in the study conducted by the researcher.

The approach used by the researcher in this study includes theoretical and methodological approaches. Theoretically, this study uses a contrastive analysis approach, while methodologically this research uses a comparative descriptive approach. There are 3 steps in this study, namely data collection, data analysis, and data analysis results. The results of the study also cover the similarities and differences of BI and BA vocabulary based on tense, amount, and persona. Based on the aspect of time, in BI there is an additional description of time in the words have been, already, and past, while in BA the description of time is embedded in the vocabulary used, such as [fa'ala] ‘already worked’ and [żahaba] ‘has gone’. In addition, for the aspect of number, in BI there are singular and plural forms. The singular applies to nouns, such as ‘one seat’ and ‘one car’, while the plural is repeated or denoted, such as ‘many friends’. In addition, in terms of persona, the form of vocabulary in BI and BA consists of three parts, namely (1) the first person, (2) the second person, and (3) the third person, such as the vocabulary I/I [anâ]/[tu], our vocabulary and we [naḥnu], you [anta], you [antum], his vocabulary [huwa/hiya], and they [hum]. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the forms of vocabulary in BI and BA based on tense, number, and persona have similarities and differences in their respective morphological contexts.

Meanwhile, the study by Safiruddin Muhamad (2009) relates to the contrastive analysis of the structure of the combination of clauses and words in English and Indonesian. The purpose of this study was to identify the merging structure between clauses and words in English and Indonesian. It also aimed to determine the similarities and differences between clauses and words in English and Indonesian. In this study, the researcher collected data through document analysis or a literature review. The process of retrieving or collecting data and the use of source materials was limited to standard sources, and all linguistic data taken from literature sources were limited by their relevance to the purpose and objectives of the research, which included their use in English and Indonesian.

Meanwhile, data processing in this study used a distributional method with the technique of decomposing or dividing elements directly, which describes the construction of the merging of clauses in predicate sentences in English and Indonesian. This research process began with collecting data from each of the languages studied, namely English and Indonesian, especially regarding predicate sentences. The collected data were then analyzed and described in accordance with linguistic elements and the standard grammatical rules of the two languages. From this research, it was found that the construction of clause combinations in English and Indonesian predicate sentences has 4 (four) similarities and 2 (two) differences. The similarities and differences in question are those examined from the syntactic point of view of the two languages. These similarities and differences are the core or subject of discussion in this scientific work.

A previous study conducted by Risa Mutafariha (2015), entitled "Contrastive Analysis of Indonesian and Bahasa Malaysia Vocabulary in Upin and Ipin Animated Films", also analyzed text. Contrastive analysis is a branch of linguistics used to compare two or more languages to identify differences or similarities in form and meaning. Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia have differences and similarities in form and meaning. This is because both languages originated and developed from the Malay language. This study proves that Indonesian and Malay have differences and similarities in meaning. The problem statement of this study includes: (1) how there is vocabulary with the same form and meaning between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia, (2) how there is vocabulary with similar form and meaning between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia, (3) how there is vocabulary with the same form but different meanings between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia, and (4) how there is vocabulary whose form is different but whose meaning is the same between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia. The purpose of this study was: (1) to describe vocabulary whose form and meaning are the same between Indonesian and Bahasa Malaysia, (2) to describe vocabulary whose form and meaning are similar between Indonesian and Bahasa Malaysia, (3) to describe vocabulary whose form is the same but whose meaning differs between Indonesian and Malay, and (4) to describe vocabulary whose form is different but whose meaning is the same. The approach used in this study was a contrastive linguistic approach. The method used to collect data was the refer method, and the technique used was the note-taking technique. The steps of this study were based on three stages: (1) the stage of data preparation, (2) the stage of data analysis, and (3) the stage of presentation of the data analysis results. The methodology used to present the results of data analysis included formal and informal methods. The results of this study include Indonesian and Bahasa Malaysia vocabulary with the same form and meaning, Indonesian and Bahasa Malaysia vocabulary with similar form and meaning, Indonesian and Bahasa Malaysia vocabulary with the same form but different meanings, and Indonesian and Bahasa Malaysia vocabulary with different forms but the same meaning.

The study conducted by Neni Puspowat (2017) also uses contrastive analysis in examining grammatical problems that focus on the comparative study of Arabic majhul fi'il sentences and English passive voice, using the method of contrastive analysis. The background of the sentences fi'il majhul and passive voice is a linguistic error, which is an error in understanding the grammar of Arabic and English sentences. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the form of passive sentences in Arabic and English and to know the differences and similarities as well as the difficulties in these sentences and their implications in learning Arabic. The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach, while the type of analysis is document analysis (library research) that is data collection in this study using the library method that is in the entire research process from beginning to end using all library sources relevant to the problem being researched by author. Data were analyzed using descriptive methods. Contrastive Analysis is an activity to compare the structure of language that creates the differences and similarities of the two languages. From the results of the study, several results can be identified, including: (1) Between the two languages, Arabic is a complex language in grammatical order compared to English. (2) Between the similarities and differences between the sentence fi'il majhul and the sentence passive voice, the differences are known to be more than the similarities. (3) Learning fi'il majhul in Arabic is not just a theory, but in the presentation requires a method to facilitate the learning process.

The results of several previous studies show that there are similarities and differences with this short story analysis study. Almost all studies show similarities in their study design, i.e., using the contrastive analysis method. Most studies also focus on syntactic aspects to analyze various areas of the text. In addition, many researchers analyzing this aspect choose to use the method of contrastive analysis, that is, the comparative analysis of two different languages. However, not many researchers use the Robert Lado model. Various texts from different fields have been used in contrastive analysis, including in the fields of pure science, history, and literature. Therefore, the researcher chose short story texts in the field of Arabic and Malay languages to be analyzed to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the texts. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the advantages of these two short stories can serve as a reference in the teaching of Arabic and Malay.

Summary and Suggestion

In this section, the researcher explains the conclusions of the analysis conducted on the similarities and differences between Arabic and Malay adjective phrases based on short stories selected from previous studies, as well as conclusions related to the analysis of the research findings conducted by the researcher.

This study was conducted using a qualitative study design; therefore, descriptive data were obtained. The sample of the study is the researcher himself, who analyzed two selected short stories from the collection of short stories in Arabic, namely ‘An-Nazarat’ by Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti. He was a famous writer and poet in Egypt. This collection of short stories ‘An-Nazarat’ is his most famous work. Meanwhile, the collection of short stories in Malay is 'Debu Merah' by Shahnon Ahmad. This collection of short stories, 'Debu Merah', is a collection of 19 short stories produced by Sasterawan Negara Shahnon Ahmad. Among the short stories selected from the collection of short stories an-Nazarat by Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti are Madinatu suaadah (مدينة السعادة), Ghurfatul Ahzaan (غرفة االحزان), and Hi’bul wal-Zawaaj (الحb والزواج). Meanwhile, the short stories selected from Shahnon Ahmad's group of short stories Debu Merah are Di Tengah Keluarga, Doktor Zaqlul, and Gelungnya Terpokah. In addition, a library approach was also used by the researcher to collect data related to syntactic aspects of adjective phrases.

The total number of sentence samples for the adjective phrase aspect in 3 Arabic short stories is 31, compared to 23 sentence samples for the adjective phrase aspect in 3 Malay short stories. The adjective phrase aspect in the Arabic short stories shows the greatest number. For the aspect of single adjective phrases, 12 samples of Arabic sentences and 11 samples of sentences for Malay were analyzed. In the aspect of noun phrases as adjective phrases, the number of sentence samples is the same in both languages, namely 3 sentence samples. Similarly, with the aspect of working phrases as adjective phrases, 7 samples of Arabic sentences and 5 samples of Malay sentences were analyzed by the researcher. As for the aspect of adjective phrases in the form of conjunctions, there were 9 sentence samples in Arabic and 4 sentence samples in Malay.

Suggestions for further research are necessary for this material, i.e., short story texts. The selected short story texts comprise only three short stories in the book of the Red Dust Short Story Group and three short stories in the an-Nazarat Short Story Group. However, the researcher chose only three to be compared in terms of adjective phrases and backup phrases. The selection of the short stories was also based on the short story writer who received the national literary award. In addition, an extensive study of syntactic aspects, such as examining all the components contained in this aspect within the text, can also be done by other researchers later. This is because there are still many more elements that have not been revealed from the syntactic aspect to be analyzed based on the short stories.

Next is a proposal for the teaching staff to review Arabic language teaching materials related to the learning of the language system. The study is not intended to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the sentences from the short stories, but to identify advantages that can be used as teaching and learning materials for foreign language students, especially in the field of syntax. Instructors encourage non-Arabic-speaking foreign language students to take theme-based examples for use in language system learning. However, at the same time, sentence examples from short stories can be utilized by teachers in the process of learning a foreign language. Based on the findings of the study, the similarities and differences between the two short stories in the aspects of adjective phrases and backup phrases are very clear.

Therefore, the researcher suggests that these two short stories be utilized for their advantages in language teaching, such as in the learning of syntax or morphology.

The teaching and learning outcomes based on the sentence examples from the short stories actually give an advantage to students. This is because sentence examples quoted from short stories can serve as a guide for students in learning foreign languages better. This is similar to the previous study discussed earlier, such as the study by Aefiqah binti gitin related to the comparison of aspects of cohesion and coherence in literary component short stories based on the Fairclough Model. The purpose of that study was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of both aspects in the short story Anthology of Deer Leather Jackets from Istanbul. They stated that the sentences in the short story had their respective advantages for use in language teaching. This has a positive effect on teachers in teaching foreign languages, especially Arabic.

Therefore, one of the researcher's recommendations from this study is that other researchers can use these analyzed short stories for further study in future research. Other researchers can test students learning a foreign language by using short stories as a guide in the language system. In addition to testing studies, other researchers also need to leverage the fairclough model to implement more text analysis studies in the field of language education.

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